Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay

Utilitarianism The Pursuit Of Happiness Philosophy Essay The expression life, freedom, and the quest for satisfaction, revered in the establishing records of the United States, was gotten from John Locke. Lockes detailing, in any case, was life, freedom, and property. In picking the more extensive definition quest for joy, the designers were unquestionably not drawing from John Stuart Mill, since they composed numerous prior decades he did. They were composing and thinking in the equivalent philosophical convention, which goes at last back to Aristotle. Plant, nonetheless, has given us in Utilitarianism the most compact, diagnostic translation of this idea. What is implied by bliss, and what legitimizes seeing it as the objective both of a political framework or of an arrangement of moral way of thinking? In regular utilization, we use it frequently in the feeling of being satisfied (Im cheerful you could come), or of general prosperity (Happy Birthday!). It has wonderful implications, however not, in regular use, especially grandiose ones. One may anticipate moral way of thinking, or even political way of thinking and statecraft, to look for some progressively significant objective. Plant, in any case, builds his way to deal with moral way of thinking from the base up. He begins from the reason that we normally search out charming encounters, and attempt to stay away from torment or unsavory encounters. From the start this may have all the earmarks of being a solicitation to insignificant indulgence, eat, drink, and be cheerful. In any case, human experience shows that charming encounters are not restricted to the material. We apprecia te music, for instance, and kinship, and search these things out. Undoubtedly, we regularly discover fulfillment in encounters that likely could be laborious and even disagreeable, for example, running a long distance race. Indeed, even the exertion of satisfying an arrangement of qualities conveys its fulfillments (7-8). The aggregate of these fulfillments and joys, or disappointments and agonies, however a mind-blowing course comprises our general satisfaction or despondency (3-4). Satisfaction is in this way easy street not in the restricted feeling of a house in suburbia, advantageous to a fairway (however not barring these things), yet in the broadest feeling of a delightful and cheerful human presence. This, recommends Mill, is our objective throughout everyday life, not forced on us by some ethical position or force, yet as a result of our human instinct. In addition, the quest for bliss broadens even as an absolutely useful issue past our own state of life to the state of the general public wherein we live. Regardless of whether our intentions are completely egotistical, for instance, we have a personal stake in a general public where, for instance, burglary and theft are not the general since we don't wish to be burglarized or taken from. (Indeed, even an expert criminal advantages from not being a survivor of burglary also.) The equivalent down to earth rule can be reached out to indecencies and excellencies when all is said in done: We are altogether improved off for living in a general public where ideals are general polished (31-32). Be that as it may, what delivers the general state of a general public yet the conduct of the individuals who make it up. A robber may profit by living in a general public where individuals don't bolt their entryways, yet his conduct makes society more averse to show such shared trust. In the event that we wish to live in a prudent society, in this manner, it is to our greatest advantage to rehearse the excellencies ourselves. What goes around, all things considered, comes around. In reality, Mill talks about a virus of compassion, a kind of righteous cycle (something contrary to an endless loop) in which the act of ethicalness supports temperance in others, and improves the state of life for all. This certainly is the thing that the establishing fathers had at the top of the priority list. A free society doesn't try to force ideals by fiat, yet relies upon the general act of righteousness to support itself. By helping in the quest for satisfaction by others, we improve our own odds of seeking after it. A contemporary issue on which Mills recommendations may reveal insight is the contention over gay marriage. Numerous individuals, maybe the vast majority, have considered the thought abnormal or stunning when initially introduced. Some dread that it would wreck marriage. In any case, it is difficult to perceive how allowing gays to wed takes away from relationships among people. Their relationships are unaltered. What allowing gay marriage does is license another fulfillment a further quest for bliss for gay couples. Additionally, by perceiving such couples, it urges gay people to look for stable connections, improving the state of society just as their own lives. Along these lines, the quest for joy, joined with Mills examination of how moral standards can be developed from our insight into human presence, illuminates how we can decipher social issues and their conceivable goals. Source Cited Plant, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1979. (Unique distribution 1861.)

Political issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy centered issue - Essay Example The war has been the longest throughout the entire existence of American history, yet till date it has not accomplished its goals plainly. Right off the bat in 2014, the pullout from Afghanistan was chosen and settled upon. In the wake of such conditions, Afghanistan is a land bolted nation, and circumstance there in consistently impacts the harmony and steadiness of district with its tranquility or in any case reality. Amidst the withdrawal of the ISAF powers, Afghanistan presents another test. Afghanistan at present is at a test to itself, to the worldwide harmony, to the local security, steadiness and by and large elements of the global governmental issues. Afghan government is delicate and hates the asset or the framework that will empower it protecting itself against the adversary gatherings and the fugitives. The very certainty that the officeholder government’s impact is restricted to the green belt is the impression of the general writ of state delighted in by the American sponsored government. Afghanistan is an ethnic part nation offers issues in numerous extents. The test of guaranteeing and achieving the Pukhtoon and the non-Pukhtoon on table and carrying them to terms concerning the force sharing has been one of the moves that should be investigated and tended to with respect to the general future elements and future standpoint of Afghanistan. The most recent decade or so since the intrusion of United States of America has seen the segregation and absolute focusing of the Pukhtoon as Taliban who were being focused on any place spotted, in light of this the nation has seen serious ethnic partition inside themselves prompting calamitous standpoint at present as social gap and social uniqueness. The withdrawal of the united powers will give the Taliban space and conceivable chance to get once again into power as to the offensives being embraced and led against the Afghan government. The ongoing occasions have seen moderately expanded pattern in the

Best Tool For Complete Twitter Profile Management

Best Tool For Complete Twitter Profile Management Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now! Buzzom The Best Tool For Complete Twitter Profile Management Updated On 04/06/2018 Author : Pradeep Kumar Topic : Twitter Short URL : http://hbb.me/1MXNyFD CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlog From railway stations to news sites, everyone seems to be talking about Twitter. Such is the craze of Twitter today that almost everyone has heard of it at some point or the other. If you haven’t heard about it for the marketing revolution it has brought, you are likely to hear about it for the celebrity gossip. Twitter today is one of the finest and easiest ways to know about your favorite celebrity right from them. While Twitter is a fairly simple platform to use, it can be quite confusing in the initial days. The first time you login and start following people, you will see an overload of information with lingo you had never heard before. Well, welcome to Twittersphere. There are various apps available to make your life easier on Twitter. Applications like Friend or Follow and We Follow help you in growing your network, some let you send updates in a much easier way like desktop clients TweetDeck and Seesmic or Web client like HootSuite, and some let you analyze your profile such as TwitterAnalyzer, while there are few which let you run marketing campaigns on Twitter. You are completely spoilt for choices when you consider these apps for specific needs but when you try finding an application that gives you a complete solution to all your Twitter needs, you are in for disappointment. Started as tool to help you grow your account, Buzzom today is a complete solution for Twitter needs of individuals. From finding people, growing your network, sending updates to automating blog feeds, Buzzom has it all. Buzzom lets you manage multiple accounts with either your Twitter or Facebook login. You can send updates; connect with your friends while keeping track of the conversations. .IRPP_button , .IRPP_button .postImageUrl , .IRPP_button .centered-text-area { min-height: 86px; position: relative; } .IRPP_button , .IRPP_button:hover , .IRPP_button:visited , .IRPP_button:active { border:0!important; } .IRPP_button { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #3498DB; } .IRPP_button:active , .IRPP_button:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .IRPP_button .postImageUrl { background-position: center; background-size: cover; float: right; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 30%; } .IRPP_button .centered-text-area { float: left; width: 70%; padding:0; margin:0; } .IRPP_button .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: .125em; margin: 0; padding: 0; } .IRPP_button .postTitle { color: #ECF0F1; font-size: 16px; fon t-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .IRPP_button .ctaButton { background: #ECF0F1; color: inherit; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; margin: 18px 14px 18px 14px; moz-border-radius: 3px; padding: 12px 0; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; webkit-border-radius: 3px; width: 80px; position: absolute; } .IRPP_button:hover .ctaButton { background: #e6e6e6; } .IRPP_button .centered-text { display: table; height: 86px; padding:0; margin:0; padding-left: 108px!important; top: 0; } .IRPP_button .IRPP_button-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 10px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .IRPP_button:after { content: "; display: block; clear: both; } READBloggers Who Use Twitter, Take Note! New Study Shows Why People Unfollow Outstanding Features Of Buzzom People Search is one of the most useful features and it’s completely unique to Buzzom. It lets users make use of various conditions to find people and connect with them. It provides an engagement console for you to interact with the users’ right here at the dashboard. You can search people by using keywords in bio, location, username and the number of followers and followings. It is one of the most convenient ways of finding targeted users. Buzzom Stats provides you good insight on your account. With some amazing backend analytics, it can tell you what kind of profile you belong to. It also provides you some suggestions on how you can better your performance. Buzzom Score ranks you in a scale of 1 to 100 where a score of 100 would put you as the best profile. You can automate RSS Feed by Buzzom Feed Management which will automatically send updates from your website/ blog. This really is a great feature for bloggers/ marketers who wouldn’t want to sit whole day sending updates from their website. The Grow, Flush and Reciprocate options under Twitin lets you grow your network essentially by following more people, unfollowing people who are not following you and following you followers back respectively. Buzzom also offers some other goodies in form of Buzzom badge which you can use in your website or blog to promote your Twitter profile. There is a Buzz toolbar for Firefox and Chrome so that when you come across an interesting topic, you can tweet it right from your browser. Buzzom is a highly efficient and easy to use platform which comes absolutely free of cost. Buzzom does have a paid version Buzzom Premium which is offered at $10 per month.

Meet 10 Heroes of South American Independence

The Npa Of Punjab And Sind Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6926 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? NPAs have turned to be a major stumbling block affecting the profitability of Indian banks before 1992,banks did not disclose the bad debts sustained by them and provision made by them fearing that it may have an adverse. Owing to the low levels of profitability, banks owned funds had to be strengthened by repeated infusion of additional capital by the government. The introduction of prudential norms strengthen the banks financial position and enhance transparency is considered as a milestone measure in the financial sector reform. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Npa Of Punjab And Sind Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order These prudential norms relate to income recognition, asset classification, provisioning for bad and doubtful debts and capital adequacy. the objectives of the study, and the study was conducted in Punjab sind bank., on An analysis of NPA in commercial banks with special reference to Punjab sind bank. To analyze the NPA level of Punjab sind bank. To study the recovery procedures of Punjab sind bank. To examine how far the bank has been successful in reducing the NPA level. INTRODUCTION OF BANKING SECTOR Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. Af ter Indias independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 96 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 49,000 ATM HISTORY OF PUNJAB AND SIND BANK It was in the year 1908, when a humble idea to uplift the poorest of poor of the land culminated in the birth of Punjab Sind Bank with the far-sighted vision of luminaries like Bhai Vir Singh, Sir Sunder Singh Majitha and Sardar Tarlochan Singh. They enjoyed the highest respect with the people of Punjab. The bank was founded on the principle of social commitment to help the weaker section of the society in their economic endeavours to raise their standard of life. Decades have gone by, even today Punjab Sind Bank stands committed to honor the social commitments of the founding fathers. VISION MISSION Corporate Vision We envision to emerge as a strong vibrant Bank through synchronization of the human, financial and technological resources. Corporate Mission To put in place the effective Risk Management and Internal Control Systems. To adopt and operationalise high-level technology standards. To strive to achieve excellence in Customer Service. To achieve the highest standards of transparency and accountability in the conduct of banking business. To adopt professional approach in effectively managing financial as well as non-financial risks. To maximize profitability and profits of the Bank with due compliance of prudential guidelines. To maximize competitive risk adjusted return on capital, through planned reduction in the average cost of funds, increased yield on advances and investments besides reduction in cost of operations. 2.INTRODUCTION The Indian has been liberalized and globalize during the last decade or so. It has exposed the Indian financial sector to international competition in fairly significant manner. To cope with the growing competition in the present scenario the Indian banks have embarked on a massive exercise to revamp the system. Despite the overall progress made by the financial system over the years, the operational efficiency of the banking system has been unsatisfactory, characterized by low profitability, high and growing NPAs and relatively low capital base. NPAs have turned out to be a major stumbling factor affecting the profitability of Indian banks. Before 1992,bank did not disclose the bad debts sustained by them and the provision made by them fearing that it may have an adverse impact. The banks used to take income even on NPAs on accrual basis. This helped them to disclose false profits. Owing to low levels of profitability, the banks owned funds had to be strengthened by repeated in tention of additional capital by the government. The introduction of prudential norms to strengthen the banks financial position and enhance transparency is considered as a milestone measure in the financial sector reforms. These prudential norms, which relate to income recognition, asset classification, provisioning for bad and doubtful debt and capital adequacy serve three great purposes. 1. Income recognition norms reflect a true picture of the income and expenditure of the bank. 2. The asset classification and provisioning norms help in assessing the quality of the asset portfolio of the bank. 3. They also act as tool of financial discipline and compel banks to look at the quality of loans assets and the risk attached to the lending In India, NPAs are considered to at higher levels than most other countries, have of late attracted the attention of public as also of international institutions. This has gained further prominence in the wake of transparency and disclosu res measures initiated by R.B.I. during the recent years .We have also to conform to international accounting standards, if Indian banks are to get their due place and recognition in the global market. . . OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study was to analyze the NPA level in commercial banks. However the study was conducted with the following specific objectives. To analyze the NPA level of Punjab sind bank Limited. To study the recovery procedures of Punjab sind Bank Limited. To examine how far the bank has been successful in reducing the NPA level. To suggest measures for efficient management of NPAs. To bring out en explorative descriptive report on Analysis of NPA in commercial banks, with special reference to Punjab sind Bank Ltd., . METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY A purposeful investigation of a problem research helps an organization in finding out causes and clues for making sound and effective decisions by applying scientific methodology to the art of management. Research can be of two types namely Exploratory research and Conclusive research. Exploratory research is investigation of relationships among variables without knowing why they are studied. It borders on an idle curiosity approach, differing from it only in that the investigator thinks there may be a payoff in the application somewhere in the forest of questions. In Conclusive research there are two types namely Descriptive research and Experimental research. Descriptive research allows both implicit explicit hypotheses to be tested depending on the research problem. Experiments are artificial in the sense that the situations are usually created for testing purposes in experimental research. Based on all these facts and suggestion from the project guide Descriptive Explor atory Research Methodology is adapted for this project work. Sampling Technique Sampling refers to selecting a part of the population to represent the characteristics of the population. However, in this study, Finance Manager of the bank is the source of data and therefore, since he is the only one source of information, there is no question of any sampling.. Secondary data:- were collected from the published annual reports of the Punjab Sind Bank and other sources. Such data collected were analyzed for some kind of a trend and its impact on the profit of the bank. 2.3. TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA The data collected were analyzed with the help of statistical tools like frequency, percentage and trend analysis. Tables are used to represent the consolidated data. Graphical representation is also used for better comprehension presentation. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The major limitation of the study was the paucity of time. Even then, maximum care has been taken to arrive at appropriate conclusion. Following are the limitations of the study: This study is restricted to Punjab Sind Bank only. For the purpose of collecting vital information, Finance Manager of the bank is only contacted interviewed. Since he is an individual, his biases may have creped into the data given. Though the subject matter pertains to commercial banks, only one scheduled bank. is considered for this study. Other commercial banks, as also the other scheduled banks are outside the purview of this study. Data pertains to NPA from 2000 -2001 to 2006 2007 only. Review of literature 1) Are Non Performing Assets Gloomy from Indian Perspective ? By : Arpita .A ,14 February 2010 The contaminated portfolio is definitely a bane for any bank. It puts severe dent on the liquidity and profitability of the bank where it is out of proportion. It is needless to mention, that a lasting solution to the problem of NPAs can be achieved only with proper credi ÂÂ  assessment and risk management mechanism. It is necessary that the banking system is to be equipped with prudential norms to minimize if not ÂÂ  completely to avoid the problem of NPAs. The onus for containing the factors ÂÂ  leading to NPAs rests with banks themselves. This will necessitates organizational restructuring, improvement in the managerial efficiency and skill up gradation for proper assessment of credit worthiness It is better to avoid NPAs at the nascent stage of credit consideration by putting in place of rigorous and mappropriate credit appraisal mechanisms 2) Non-Performing Assets in Indian Banks Bansal. Kumar Sathish The Indian banking sector is facing a serious problem of NPA. The extent of NPA is comparatively higher in public sectors banks. (Table IIIII). To improve the efficiency and profitability, the NPA has to be scheduled. Various steps have been taken by government to reduce the NPA. It is highly impossible to have zero percentage NPA. But at least Indian banks can try competing with foreign banks to maintain international standard. 3)Majumdar Alok, NPAs : Recovery Blues, Treasury Management (Dec.2000) pp. 46-49. A strong banking sector is important for a flourishing economy. The failure of the banking sector may have an adverse impact on other sectors. Over the years, much has been talked about NPAs and the emphasis so far has been only on identification and quantification of NPAs rather than on ways to reduce and upgrade them. There is also a general perception that the prescription of 40% of net bank credit to priority sectors have led to higher NPAs, due to credit to th ese sectors becoming sticky. Managers of rural and semi-urban branches generally sanction these loans. In the changed context of new prudential norms and emphasis on quality lending and profitability, managers should make it amply clear to potential borrowers that banks resources are scarce and these are meant to finance viable ventures so that these are repaid on time and relevant to other needy borrowers for improving the economic lot of maximum number of households. Hence, selection of right borrowers, viable economic activity, adequate finance and timely disbursement, correct end use of funds and timely recovery of loans is absolutely necessary pre conditions for preventing or minimizing the incidence of new NPAs. NON-PERFORMING ASSETS AND PROVISIONING A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW Narasimham Committee The government of India set up a nine member committee under the chairman ship of Mr. Narasimham, the former of governor of Reserve bank of India, to examine the structure and functioning of the existing financial systems of India and suggest financial reforms. The report of the committee was tabled in the parliament of December 17th 1991. The main recommendations of the committee are 1. A phased achievement of 8% capital adequacy ratio. 2. A phased reduction f statutory liquidity ratio; 3. Prudential guidelines governing the functioning of financial institutions; and 4. Proper classification of assets and full disclosure and transparency of banks and financial institutions. Most of the recommendations have been accepted by the government. While the most of the recommendations made by the committee in the 1 phase have been accepted for implementation, either in a single step or in a phased manner, some of them are yet to be considered for the same. These measures implemented so far have revolutionized the structure of the banking industry and its operations. Concept of NPAs as per Narasimham Committee Recommendations The Narasimham committee recommendations suggested that loans and advances in banks should classified in to performing and non performing on the basis of the health of the loans assets and the record of adherence to repayment of installments and interest on due dates. The committee also recommended that the banks be allowed to book to income by way of interest debited to an account only when it was found realizable with in a given time frame. The committee suggested that the banks should make provision for all NPAs on the basis of classification of such assets based on the age of irregularity, security cover available etc. The RBI accepted the recommendations of the committee with regard to introduction of norms for income recognition and asset classification and provisioning an advised the banks to implement the same in a phased manner beginning 1st April 1992. The asset of a bank are cash and balances with RBI, balances with banks and money at call and short notice, investm ent in government and other securities, advances (including loans and advances, bill purchased, discounts and other credit facilities), fixed and other assets. Performing and non-performing assets A performing asset is an advance, which generate income to the bank by way of interest and their charges. An NPA is an advance of borrower account which does not generate income for the bank but they incur various inherent costs like a) Cost of deposit b) Cost of servicing c) provisioning at appropriate rates d) Capital adequacy requirements on these assets and e) Cost of recovery. Identification of NPAs Identification of an account as NPA depends upon the nature of borrowal account whether it is a) Operative b) Non operative c) Bills d) Agricultural advances or any other miscellaneous accounts. A. Operative like cash credit, over draft etc: A cash credit / over draft account will have to be treated as NPA if account remains out of order for more than 180 days. An account shall be out of order if any one of the following conditions exist:- a. The balance outstanding remakes continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit during the last six months prior to balance sheet. b. The balance outstanding is within the limit / drawing / drawing power but there is no credit in the account continuously for six months as on the balance sheet date. c. There is credit but such credit is not enough to cover the interest debited during the six month as on the date of banks balance sheet. B. Non operative like term loans, borrowal account with repayment programs: If interest / installment of principal remain overdue for a period of more than 180 days. Note: When the prudential norms were introduced in 1992, the concept of past due was incorporated and it was classified that an amount should be classified as past due when it remains outstanding for 30 days beyond the due date. However due to improvement in the payment and settlement systems, recovery climate, up gradation of technology in banking systems etc. It has been decided by RBI to dispense with the past due concept with effect from 31st March 2001. Hence to all account to become NPA, cut off date is September 30th of the Year under audit. C. Bill purchased / Discounted / Negotiated: A bill purchased / discounted / negotiated becomes NPA, if it remains overdue and unpaid for two quarters or more. For bills discounted, for the unusance period and grace period should be taken to consideration for arriving at the due date. D. Agricultural advances: Agricultural advances where interest and or installments of principal remains unpaid after it has become past due for two harvest season but for a period exceeding to half years should be treated as NPA. E. Miscellaneous accounts Any other credit facility or account should be treated as NPA if any amount to be received in respect of that facility or amount remains unrealized / uncovered for a period of two quarters. Gross NPA and Net NPA As per RBI circular gross advance means all outstanding loans and advances for which refinance has been received but excluding rediscounted risks and advances written off at Head Office level. The gross NPA and net NPA are always expressed as a percentage of advances. The percentage of gross NPA to advances including all Interest Suspense account where the bank is following the accounting practice of debiting interest to the customer account and crediting Interest Suspense account. The following are deducted from gross NPA to arrive at net NPA. a. Balance in Interest Suspense account, if applicable; b. Deposit Insurance Guarantee Corporation / Export Credit Guarantee Corporation claim receive and pending adjustment; c. Part payment received and kept in Suspense account; d. Total provisions held excluding technical write off made at Head Office and provision of standard assets. RBI has advised that while reporting banks has to reduce technical write off made at Head O ffice from gross advance also. Asset classification Norms A critical analysis for a comprehensive review and uniform credit monitoring was introduced in 1985 to 86 by RBI by way of the Head Code system in banks which provide information regarding the health of the individual advances, quality of credit portfolio and the extend of advances causing concern in relation to total advances. It was consideredthat information would be off immense use to bank management for control purposes. RBI advised all commercial banks on 07/11/1985 to introduce the Health code classification assigning each approval account with a health code (in eight categories) indicating its quality. Despite all these true picture was still not displayed. In order the ensure greater transparency in the borrowal account and to reflect actual health quality of banks in the balance sheet, RBI introduced prudential regulation relating to Income Recognition, Asset classification and provisioning as recommended by the Narasimham Committee with certain modifications in a phas ed manner over a three year period beginning from 1992 1993. The Narasimham committee is of the view that for the purpose of provisioning banks and financial institutions should classify their assets by compressing the health V code into four broad groups, taking into account the degree of well defined credit weakness and the extend of dependence on security for realization of dues as below: Standard asset: Standard asset is one, which does not disclose any problems and does not carry more than normal risk attached to the business. Sub standard assets: Sub standard asset is one, which is a non-performing asset for a period not exceeding 18 months. Doubtful assets: Doubtful asset is one, which has remained as a non-performing assets for a period exceeding 18 months. A loan classified as doubtful has all the weakness inherent as that of substandard account with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation of outstanding dues in such an acco unt in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Loss assets: Loss assets is one, where loss has been identified by the banks or internal or external auditors or RBI inspecting official but the amount has not been written off, wholly or partly. Adoption of 90 days norm: The RBI has advised banks to adopt 90 days norm instead of 180 days for classification of assets as in impaired one with effect from MARCH 2004 and to start making additional provisions for such asserts from March 2002 to absorb the impact due to reduction of NPA period. The accounts which may turn NPA with 90-day period have to be identified and 10% provision to be found out. Guidelines for classification of assets The classification of assets into above categories should be done taking into account the degree of well-defined credit weakness and the extend of dependence on collateral security for realization of dues. Banks should establish appropriate internal systems to eliminate the tendency to delay or postpone the identification of NPAs, especially in respect of high value accounts. The bank may fix a minimum cut off point to decide what would constitute a high value account depending upon their respective business levels. The cut off point will be valid for the entire accounting year. Accounts with temporary deficiencies: The classification of assets as NPA should be based on record of recovery. Banks should not classify an advance as NPA merely due to the existence of some deficiencies which are temporary in nature such as non availability of adequate drawing power base don the latest available stock statement, balance outstanding exceeding the limits temporarily, non submission of stock statements and non renewal of the limits on the due date etc. Asset classification to be borrower-wise and not facility-wise a. It is difficult to envisage a situation when only one facility to a borrower becomes a problems credit and not others. Therefore, all the facilities granted by a bank to a borrower will have to be treated as NPA and not the particular facility or part there of which has become irregular. b. If the debits arising out of development of letters of credit or invoked guarantees are parked in a separate account, the balance outstanding in that account also should be treated as a part of the borrowers principal operating account for the purpose of application of prudential loans on income recognition, asset classification and provision. Asset classification of accounts under consortium should be based on the record of recovery of the individual member banks and other aspects having a bearing on the recoverability of the advances. Where the remittances by the borrower under consortium lending arrangements are pooled with one bank and / or where the banks receiving remittances is n ot parting with the share of other member banks, the account will be treated as not serviced in the books of the other member banks and therefore, be treated as NPA. The banks particularly in the consortium should, therefore, arrange to get their share of recovery transferred from the lead bank or get an express consent from the lead bank for the transfer of their share of recovery, to ensure proper asset classification in their respective books. Accounts where there is erosion in the value of security a. A NPA need not go through various stages of classification in cases of serious credit impairment and such assets should be straight away classified as doubtful or loss asset as appropriate. Erosion in the value of security can be reckoned as significant when realizable value of the security is less than 50% of the value assessed by the bank or accepted by the RBI at the time of last inspection, as the case may be. Such NPAs may be straight away classified under doubtful category and provisioning should be made as applicable to doubtful assets. b. If the realizable value of the security has assessed by the bank/approved valuers / RBI is less than 10% of the outstanding in the borrowal accounts, the existence of security should be ignored and the asset should be straight away classified as loss asset. It may be either written off or fully provided for by the bank. Up gradation of NPA Up gradation of with in the doubtful status or upgrading it from the doubtful to substandard shall not be made due to subsequent recoveries unless the account is regularized and comes out of the NPA status. In other words, the date on which an account become irregular shall not be changed due to subsequent recoveries, till regularization of the account. Income recognition Interest income is recognized on an approval basis except in case of NPAs where it is recognized on receipt. This means income can be recognized only on receipt for NPA accounts. For performing assets, income can be recognized on the basis of receipts, accrual or both. Due to the implementation of the prudential norms accrual concept has been changed into recoverability concept in recognizing in the income on NPA. Provisioning There is time lag between an account becoming doubtful for recovery, the realization of security and erosion over a period of time in its value. So RBI directive now requires the banks to make provisions in their balance sheet for all non-standard loss assets. Doubtful assets: a. 100 percent of the extend to which the advance is not covered by realizable value of the security to which the banks has a valid recourse and the realizable value is estimated on a realistic basis. b. In regard to the secured portion, provision may be made on the following basis, at the rate ranging from 20% to 50% of the secured portion depending upon the period for which the asset has remained doubtful. c. Additional provisioning consequent upon the change in the definition of doubtful assets effective from March 31st 2001 has to be made in phases as under. Ø As on 31-03-2001, 50% of the additional provisioning requirement on the assets, which became doubtful on account of new norm of 18 months for transition from substandard asset to doubtful category. Ø As on 31-03-2002, balance of the provisions not made during the previous year, in addition to the provisions needed, as on 31-03-2002. d. Banks are permitted to phase the additional provisioning consequen t upon the reduction in the transition period from sub standard to doubtful assets from 18 to 12 months over a four year period commencing from the year ending March 31st 2005, with a minimum of 20% each year. Sub standard assets A general provision of 10% on total outstanding should be made without making any allowance for DICGC / ECGC guarantee cover and securities available. Standard assets a. From the year ending 31-03-2000, the banks should make a general provision of a minimum of 0.25% of standard assets on global loan portfolio basis. b. The provisions on standard assets should not be reckoned for arriving at net NPAs. c. The provision towards standard assets need not be netted from gross advances but shown separately as contingent provisions against standard assets under other liabilities and provisions others in schedule five of the balance sheet. For arriving at the provision amount, the following matters may be kept in mind. a. For finding the secured portion only the tangible security (both primary and collateral) is considered. b. As the outstanding in the ledger as on March 31st include interest transferred to the uncollected INTEREST account. This amount has to be reduced from the outstanding amount. DICGC/ECGC cover available cannot be reduced in the case of advances classified as sub standard before applying 10% provision. Reasons for Mounting NPAs there are several factors related to the borrower, which adversely affect their repayment. These include: ÂÂ · Diversion of funds as revealed by an RBI study. ÂÂ · Technological changes ÂÂ · Power shortage ÂÂ · Business failures ÂÂ · Inefficient management ÂÂ · Industrial recession ÂÂ · Strained labour relations ÂÂ · Price escalation ÂÂ · Serious inherent operational problems ÂÂ · Natural calamities PERFORMANCE AND PROGRESS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK Performance and progress made by the Punjab sind bank can be measured by analyzing the various parameters like the deposits, advances, net profit, cost of deposit, staff productivity etc. of the bank over past few years. THE DEPOSITS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Amount in Crores Year Deposits of the bank (Rs) Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 2002-03 as base year 2002-03 840.58 100.00 2003-04 915.96 151.34 +18.0 108.97 2004-05 1138.67 222.71 24.3 135.46 2005-06 1296.31 157.64 13.8 154.22 2006-07 1477.87 181.56 14.0 175.82 2007-08 1639.54 161.67 10.9 195.05 The aggregate deposits of the bank has increased from 840.58 crore to 1639.543 crores during the period 2002-03 to 2007-08. On analyzing the trend of such increase in the deposits over the period we can clearly see that it is increasing at a decreasing rate. The modest growth especially during the last three years is mainly due to a conscious decision on to shed the highest cost deposits, more particularly from institutions. With focus on bringing down the cost of deposit, field function areas have been constantly exhorted to step up the share of low cost of deposit. ADVACES OF THE PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 1998-99 TO 2007-08) Amount in Crores Year Advance of the Bank (Rs) Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 1998-99 as base year 1998-99 110.6 100.00 1999-00 163.26 53.0 48.16 148.34 2000-01 285.89 122.63 75.11 259.76 2001-02 448.59 162.70 56.91 407.87 2002-03 562.41 114.00 25.37 512.07 2003-04 576.06 13.65 2.40 523.41 2004-05 605.23 29.17 5.10 549.91 2005-06 776.31 171.08 28.6 705.35 2006-07 965.22 188.91 24.0 876.99 2007-08 993.51 28.29 2.90 902.70 The aggregate advances of the bank has increased from 110.06 crores to 993.51 crores during the period 1998-99 to 2007-08.The credit appraisal system was fine tuned and effective system was put to place to ensure the quality of asset. A tenor linked prime lending rate was introduced during the year 2001 to give a boost to short term lending. Exposure to various sectors is strictly maintained within the stipulated ceiling. The system and procedures were streamlined to incipient irregularities in the asset step without delay. A substantial po sitive change in credit dispensation and monitoring was initiated through a visited credit policy. Which primarily aim at segmentation of the retail and corporate portfolios for improved thrust in both these areas. COST OF DEPOSIT OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 97-98 TO 01-02) Year Percentage of cost Increase / Decrease over the previous year 2003-04 10.28 2004-05 10.35 0.07 2005-06 9.49 (-0.86) 2006-07 8.92 (-0.57) 2007-08 8.53 (-0.39) The cost of deposit of Punjab sind bank shown a constant decrease during the period 2004-05 to 2007-08 except for the year 2004-05 in which there was a slight increase of .07%. On analyzing the trend of decrease in the cost of deposit we can see that it is decreasing at decreasing rate. Such a decreasing trend in the cost of deposit, achieving by systematic branch wise monitoring. Also shift in deposit portfolio of the bank from high cost deposit to low cost deposit also has contributed to the efforts. NET PROFIT OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2000-01 TO 2007-08) Amount in crores Year Net Profit of the Bank Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 00-01 as base year 2000-01 442 100.00 2001-02 472 30 6.78 106.78 2002-03 791 319 67.6 178.96 2003-04 840 49 6.2 190.05 2004-05 387 -453 54.2 87.56 2005-06 1128 741 191.5 255.20 2006-07 677 -451 39.9 153.20 2007-08 1007 330 48.7 277.83 The profitability of the bank has increased from 4.42 crores to 10.07 crores during the period 2001-02 to 2007-08.this increase was not steady. The banks profitability was severely affected during the years 2004-05 and 2006-07.One of the reasons was the continuous fall in the interest and the adverse market conditions due to which the profit n trading in investment was reduced by 3.18 crores Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS) also added to the burden by an amount of 2.48 crores. Another major contribution was the impaired loan assets, which were written off instead of being provided for. The continuous fall in the interest rate continued even in 2007-08, but the treasury ma rket contributed appreciably to the profitability. STAFF PRODUCTIVITY OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 01-02 TO 01-02) Year Productivity / Business per employee Increase / Decrease over the previous years figure % Increase / decrease over the previous years figure Index with year 2000-01 as base year 2000-01 63.0 100.00 2001-02 96.6 36.0 54.14 152.38 2002-03 115.00 19.0 19.79 182.54 2003-04 121.00 6.9 3.90 192.06 2004-05 131.17 10.17 8.26 208.21 2005-06 153.66 22.49 17.56 243.90 2006-07 184.28 30.62 19.50 292.51 2007-08 199.24 14.96 5.40 316.25 The staff productivity of the banks has increased from 63 lakhs to 199.24 lakhs over the period 2000-01 to 2007-08.The bank has recognized that up gradation of employee skills at all levels is essential to meet competitive challenges. Accordingly, the Punjab sind banks staff training imparts timely training to the employees covering areas like forex, credit, non-performing assets management, priority sector, human resource management, automation, customer service, marketing etc. The bank is also at times introduce staff welfare measures aimed at increasing the motivational level of employees with a futuristic vision and to offer ANALYSIS OF NPAs OF PUNJAB SIND BANK LMITED A bank is an institution, which deals with money and credit. It accepts deposits from public, makes the funds available to those who need them, and helps in the remittances of money from one place to another. In other words, a banks collects money from those who have it to spare or who are saving it out of their income and it lends money to those who require it. A unique function of the bank is to create credit. In fact, credit creation is the natural outcome of the process of advancing loans as adopted by the banks. When a bank advances a loan to its customers it does not lend cash but open an account in the borrowers name and credit the amount of loan to this account. Thus whenever a bank grants a loan, it creates an equal amount of bank deposit. Creation of such deposit is called credit creation. Which results in a net increase in the money stock of the economy. Banks have the ability to create many times more than their deposit and this ab ility of multiple credit creation depends up on the cash reserve ratio of the banks. When these loans taken are not repaid so much of funds has gone out of the financial system and the cycle of lending-repaying-re lending is broken. The bank has to repay its depositors and others from whom money has been borrowed. If the borrowers does not repay, the bank has to borrow additional capital funds to repay the depositors and creditors. This lead to a situation where bank also reluctant to lend fresh loans thus chocking the system. Once the credit to the various sectors of the economy slows down, economy is badly hurt. There will be slow down in the growth in industrial output and fall in the profit margins of the corporate and subsequent in the markets. FIGURES RELATING TO NON-PERFORMING ASSETS (GROSS NET)AND THEI PERCENTAGE WITH PROVISIONS MADE TOWARDS THEM. Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Gross NPA N.A. N.A. 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Net NPA N.A. N.A. 7531.26 8582.33 10167.00 10955.00 Net Advances N.A. N.A. 61080.78 77457.85 89656.08 93953.09 Net NPA to Net Advances 4.51 11.01 12.31 11.08 11.34 11.66 Provision towards NPA 225.00 661.00 629.00 1070.00 3322.00 3631.00 Net profit during the year 791.00 840.00 387.00 1128.00 677.00 1007.00 In this study an attempt is made to analyze the non-performing asset level of Punjab sind bank by analyzing the various figures relating to the bank in the terms of gross non performing asset, net non performing asset, net advances, provision made towards non performing assets each year which have been complied from the various years annual report of the bank. NET NPA FIGURES OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2004-05 TO 2007-08) Gross NPA N.A. N.A. 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Net NPA N.A. N.A. 7531.26 8582.33 10167.00 10955.00 Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particulars: ANALYSIS The aggregate net non-performing asset of the bank is on an upward trend. But taking on a yearly basis, not much trend could be identified out of the four years of data considered for analysis, net non-performing asset, increased at an increasing rate registering an increase of 14% and 18.5% respectively. But in the third year there was a decline in the rate of increase, say, and the net non performing assets increased only by 7%. This can be seen from the chart above. INTEPRETATION The movement of NPA seems to have increased at an increasing rate, even though slight decrease is observed in the rate of growth in some years. So from data analyzed above, it can be assumed that the bank has taken either stringent steps to reduce the NPA or it might not have given more advances during that year. NET ADVANCES OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2004-05 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Net Advances N.A. N.A. 61080.78 77457.85 89656.08 93953.09 Particulars: ANALYSIS The advances of the bank show an upward trend through the period 2004-05 to 2007-08. This can be seen from the data regarding the advances of the bank during this period. Net advances of the bank increased by 26.8% in the first year, 15.8% in the second year 4.8% in the third year. From this it could be seen that such increase in net advances is increasing at a decreasing rate over the period under study. INTERPRETATION Non-performing assets being a direct result of advances, it may have resulted from increase in the net advances. While increasing advances may be necessary for the survival progress of the bank itself, it should not mean increased justification for the higher incidence of non-performing assets. If recovery were good, perhaps, NPA could have been reduced. In other words, increased NPA can be directly attributed to non-recovery advances made to borrowers, in time. NET NON PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK AS A PERCENTAG OF NET ADVANCES (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Net NPA to Net Advances 4.51 11.01 12.31 11.08 11.34 11.66 ANALYSIS To understand the real impact of non-performing assets, the chart is drawn taking the net non-performing assts of the bank as a percentage of the net advances. From such chart, what can be seen is that the said percentage (the net non performing assets as percentage of net advances) was constantly increasing for the first three years and showed a sudden decline in 2005-2006s before increasing again. INTERPRETATION Even though there was a sharp increase in the advances given by the bank in the year 1999-2000, it can be seen that Net NPA decreased to a great extent in that year. From this we can assume that bank must have taken up fruitful efforts to recover money from the willful defaulters. On the other hand, borrowers may have become incapable to pay back, possibly NET PROFIT AND PROVISION TOWARDS NON-PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK (FROM 2002-03 TO 2007-08) Year 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08Particular Provision towards NPA 225.00 661.00 629.00 1070.00 3322.00 3631.00 Net profit during the year 791.00 840.00 387.00 1128.00 677.00 1007.00 ANALYSIS On analyzing profit and loss account of the bank, it could be seen that provisions and contingencies is one herd, which has a negative impact on the net profit of the banks, and provisions made towards non-performing assets, being item contributing to such head. On going through the figures of the Punjab sind bank relating to net profit and provision made towards non performing assets, a sharp increase can be seen in the provision made towards non performing assets in the year 1999-2000, which could be explained by the tightening of provision norms which made it compulsory for banks to keep a provision of .25% even on their standard assets also from 31-3-2000. INTERPRETATION Profit is the most important parameter for evaluating the performance of a bank. In the present day scenario profit is not just an accounting concept of excess of income over the expenditure, but is surely more which ensures survival and growth in the future. Level of non-performing asset is an important factor affecting the profit of the bank,. as the profit margin depends up on the synthesis of cost and yield (by yielding no income) reduce the profit. Here in the case of Punjab sind bank, the provision made towards NPA has increased at an increasing rate over the year, which has a negative impact on the profit of the bank. So we can assume that profit of the bank might have affected negatively because of the exorbitant provision towards NPA. This may be because, in the event of absolute non-recovery of the lent money, certain provisions become necessary in order to reduce profits, so that taxation can be under control MOVEMENT OF NON-PERFORMING ASSETS OF PUNJAB SIND BANK LIMITED FROM (2004-05 TO 2007-08) Year 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particular Gross NPA 9635.89 11756.70 13489.00 14586.00 Additions during the year 3970.81 4654.0 5546.0 Reductions during the year 1850.00 2922.0 4449.0 Net recovery during the year 2120.81 1732.00 1097.00 Recovery as a % of gross NPAs 18.04 12.84 7.52 Description of the above table: From the table above it could be seen that even though there is a substantial increase in the reductions in non-performing assets over the years, the additions are also on the increasing at a higher rate. As a result, the net result, the recovery is affected, showing a decline a decline in the trend which is clearly shown in the chart below, with net recovery during the year taken as a percentage of gross non performing assets NET RECOVERY OFPUNJAB SIND BANK AS A PERCENTAGE OF THEIR GROSS NPA (FROM 2005-06 TO 2007-08) Table-6.7 Year 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Particulars Recovery as a % of gross NPAs 18.04 12.84 7.52 ANALYSIS The net recovery during the year 1999-2000 was 18.04% of gross non performing assets, while it was 12.84% and 7.52% in the following two years i.e., in 2006-07 and 2007-08 respectively, i.e., the net recovery is declining not only by amount but also with respect to its contribution as a percentage of gross non performing assets. This is an alarming situation. INTERPRETATION The above analysis reflects that the Banks recovery strategy may not be effective., So we can conclude that banks NPA is increased perhaps because of inefficient recovery strategy. While the strategy for recovery may have been good, the banks recovery in-charge officials may not have taken the necessary Herculean efforts towards the same in order to save the bank from the current pathetic situation. Lethargy, or complacency of previous years good recovery may have crept in. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTION FINDINGS From analyzing the data collected, the various parameters like the deposits, advances, gross NPA, Net NPAs, cost of deposits, staff productivity etc. of the bank over a past few years, the following findings were arrived at. Net advances is also increasing but at decreasing rate over the period under study. The aggregate net NPAs of the bank are on an upward trend. Staff productivity of the bank is increasing. Which indicates efficient recovery measures but is not reflected in the recovery trend. Provision made towards NPAs were on a sharp increase affecting the net profit adversely. The net result, the recovery is affected, showing a decline in the trend.

The Civil Rights Movement Of The 1950s And 1960s - 1183 Words

This essay will discuss the impact of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s on the lives of African-Americans in that period. The Civil Rights movement refers to the movement which aimed to remove racial discrimination and segregation and improve the social, political, legal, and economic rights of black people in America . Although slavery had been abolished with the end of the Civil War , the â€Å"Jim Crow† laws kept black people and white people segregated from each other and the voting rights of African-Americans were limited , however, by the 1950s, African-Americans had begun to mobilise to gain equal rights under the law . This essay will discuss social challenges in the 1950s and 1960s to the discriminative laws and the†¦show more content†¦King may have inspired others within the Civil Rights movement with his nonviolent tactics; for example, the students who started the Greensboro Sit-Ins in 1960 ‘admired King’ . however, King did be gin to lose sympathy towards the end of his life with his opposition to the Vietnam War- an opinion poll at the time stated that 73% of Americans and 48% of black people disagreed with his opposition, and 60% even stated that his opposition had hurt the Civil Rights movement . This may have paved the way for other types of protest- in the 1960, there was a rise in more radical black groups, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Movement. These groups preached black nationalism and preferred the use of violence rather than nonviolence, with Malcolm X, one of the principal figures in the Nation of Islam, encouraging African-Americans to gain equal rights ‘by any means necessary’ . X preached against integration, comparing it to adding cream to coffee , and stated that ‘if youre afraid of Black Nationalism, youre afraid of revolution†¦ if you love revolution, you love Black Nationalism’ . Although James Turner states that he was ‘a broth er you could believe†¦ he was in it because of his commitment to our liberation’ , and his rhetoric appealed to black students and people living in ghettos, theShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was Grass Roots Activism a Significant Reason to Why the Civil Rights Movement Grew in the 1950s and 1960s1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil Rights Movement Grew in the 1950s and 1960s The civil rights movement grew for a number of reasons during the 1950’s and 1960s. Prior to this select time period America were fighting in the Cold War and many black soldiers battled in the name of ‘freedom’. This was ironic as these black soldiers were fighting for something that they didn’t even have back home. Often Black soldiers talked about the ‘Double V Campaign’; this was referring to victory in the war and victory for civil rightsRead MoreThe 1950s and 1960s: A Time of Great Changes Shaping the America We Have Today1006 Words   |  5 PagesWhen most people think of the 1950’s or 1960’s, they think of Elvis, Greasers, jukeboxes, Woodstock, and rainbow peace signs and hippie love. Although these symbols are somewhat accurate (and very popular), not many people think about the changes society and culture went through. The 1950’s and 60’s were a time of great change and freedom for many Americans. Every thing from World War II, to the gay liberation movement, to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to change society. Many of the viewsRead MoreSocial Changes During The 1960 S1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1960’s was a decade filled with change in the existing conditions of the social, political, and economic spectrums. These social changes involved challenges to the conservative status quo of the time. Parts that contributed to this social revolution were new developments in the Feminist Movement, the Civil Rights Movement, and a rebellious counterculture. The political changes of this time period were embodied by the continuation and extension of the Vietnam War, new laws pertaining to civil rightsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that w ere enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. FromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Explorer By Gwendolyn Brooks1318 Words   |  6 PagesExplorer†, which was published in 1960. In this poem, Brooks talk about how African Americans are oppressed by whites. To be specific, the main character, male or female, is on the run from white society. Brooks used words such as voices, scream, nervous, and griefs to describe what the main character is feeling as he is searching for a peaceful place. The reader can tell that society at that time was not perfect, but unfair and dangerous. Taking part in the civil rights movement herself, this poem specificallyRead MoreThe War Of The Civil Rights Movement1476 Words   |  6 Pag esThe 1950s was a decade of prosperity, the economy was booming, military was strong, the beginning of the civil rights movement. In the 1960s the decade involved protest, the war in Vietnam, the fight for civil rights, and JFK. Then came the 1970s and it was known as the time of peace and love, equality for all, the ongoing war in Vietnam, and Nixon. Each decade after one another affected the next with foreign policy, domestic policy, politics, political leadership, the economy, and the social termsRead MoreOn January 20th, 2013, Barack Obama was inaugurated to his second term as president of the United1700 Words   |  7 PagesOn January 20th, 2013, Barack Obama was inaugurated to his second term as president of the United States. In his speech, he made history when he made a reference to gay rights, he said: We the people, declare today that the most evident of truths -- that all of us are created equal -- is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great MallRead MoreEssay about Frq Analysis1138 Words   |  5 PagesRuhani Malik Period 4 1960’s HW FRQ Questions Due by April 26-27, 2012 Be sure to provide a strong and specific thesis statement with a nice introduction to your essay. Also be sure to provide names, dates, book titles, court cases, statistics and any and all other relevant facts you can think of to support your answer. Staple this sheet to the front of your essay and be sure to follow the formatting rules discussed for previous FRQ’s. 1. With respect to THREE of the following,Read MoreNaacp1094 Words   |  5 PagesNAACP The civil rights movement in the United States has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. It has been made up of many movements, though it is often used to refer to the struggles between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African-Americans and to end racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South. It focuses on that particular struggle, rather than the comparable movements to end discrimination against otherRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happened early in the 1940’s as approximately two

Estimated Cash Budget

Question: Discusss about the Estimated Cash Budget. Answer: Estimated Cash Budget Particulars July - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Apr - June Professional Salaries 60,000 80,000 80,000 100,000 Secretarial Wages 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 Training 5,000 6,000 3,000 5,000 Office Supplies 5,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 Electricity 1,500 1,200 1,800 1,600 Insurance - - 16,000 - Rent 24,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 Travel 42,000 42,000 28,000 56,000 Estimated Cash Payments 167,500 193,200 192,800 226,600 As per the given question, the cash payments will be done as per the above schedule. Payment of Insurance will be done in the month of January only and hence there will not be any outflow of cash in other quarters. Adjustment in payment schedule has been done as per the given set of rules for different line items. A - Direct Labour Budget Particulars July - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Apr - June Production 21,000 41,000 41,500 51,000 Labour Hours per unit 3 3 3 3 Total Labour Hours Reqd 52,500 102,500 103,750 127,500 Hourly Rate 18 18 18 18 Total Direct Labour Cost 945,000 1,845,000 1,867,500 2,295,000 The budget schedule drawn above shows the complete picture of direct labour cost. The maximum expense is in last quarter as the production is highest in that quarter. B Factory Overhead Budget Particulars July - Sept Oct - Dec Jan - Mar Apr - June Production 21,000 41,000 41,500 51,000 Labour Hours per unit 3 3 3 3 Total Labour Hours Reqd 52,500 102,500 103,750 127,500 Factory Overhead Fixed Salary 71500 71500 71500 71500 Depreciation 31000 31000 31000 31000 Rent 60000 60000 60000 60000 Variable Indirect Material 183,750 358,750 363,125 446,250 Indirect Labour 136,500 266,500 269,750 331,500 Others 15,750 30,750 31,125 38,250 Total Factory Overhead Budget 498,500 818,500 826,500 978,500 References Nasrollah A,Misty W, (1992) "CASH BUDGETING PRACTICES AND COMPUTER USE BY AUTOMOTIVE DEALERSHIPS",International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 20 Iss: 5 Vclav B,Petr D, (2007) "Nonlinear optimisation and rational cash flow",Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 14 Iss: 3, pp.277 292 L. Joshi,Jawahar Alà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mudhaki,Wayne G. B, (2003) "Corporate budget planning, control and performance evaluation in Bahrain",Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 18 Iss: 9, pp.737 750 Lilià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Anne Kihn, (2011) "How do controllers and managers interpret budget targets?",Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 7 Iss: 3, pp.212 236 Khursheed O,Andre de K,Philip H. S, (1995) "CAPITAL BUDGETING: A FUZZY SET APPROACH FOR DETERMINING EXPECTED VALUE OF CASH FLOWS",Asian Review of Accounting, Vol. 3 Iss: 1, pp.105 - 125